Effects of single and combined exposure to lead and stress during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment

ObjectiveTo assess associations of single and combined exposures to lead and stress during different stages of pregnancy with offspring neurodevelopment.MethodsWe measured prenatal lead (maternal blood-lead in early-pregnancy and umbilical-cord-blood-lead) and maternal stress levels in Shanghai-Birth-Cohort from 2013 to 2016. Maternal stress was assessed using Center-for-Epidemiological-Studies-Depression-Scale and Self-Rating-Anxiety-Scale during mid-pregnancy. The Ages-Stages-Questionnaires-3 (at 6/12-months-of-age) and Bayley-III (at 24-months-of-age) were both used to assess neurodevelopment.ResultsA total of 2132 mother-child pairs with both prenatal lead and stress measurements were included. The geometric-means of blood-lead in early-pregnancy and cord-blood-lead were 1.46 μg/dL and 1.33 μg/dL, respectively. Among the study women, 1.89 % and 0.14 % were screened positive for depression and anxiety. Adjusting for related confounders, the combined exposures had stronger adverse associations with offspring social-emotional skills than single exposures; and the combined exposure in early-pregnancy was associated with greater neurodevelopmental differences than combined exposure around-birth, especially in social-emotion at 24 months-of-age [β (95 %CI): − 10.48(−17.42, −3.54) vs. − 5.95(−11.53, −0.36)].ConclusionsBoth single and combined prenatal exposures to lead/stress impaired infant neuro-development, and the effects of combined exposure may be more profound than single exposures. Combined exposure in early-pregnancy may be associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes than combined exposure around-birth, especially in social-emotional development.     

基于“内脏高敏感理论”辨治腹泻型肠易激综合征经验举隅

现代医学认为内脏高敏感与肠易激综合征的发生有重要联系。笔者从“风气内动”理论出发，阐述“内脏高敏感理论”与腹泻型IBS病机，认为脾胃失和，脾虚湿蕴，土壅侮木，肝郁生风是主要病机，故治疗本病以柔肝理脾，胜湿止泻为基本治法。选方以过敏煎为主方，过敏煎具有滋阴息风，缓急止痛，健脾除湿，涩肠止泻的功效，因此治疗腹泻型IBS临床疗效显著。     

Adverse events due to unnecessary radiation exposure in medical imaging reported in Finland

IntroductionAdverse events in radiology are quite rare, but they do occur. Radiation safety regulations and the law obligate organizations to report certain adverse events, harm and near misses, especially events related to patients' health and safety. The aim of this study was to describe and analyse incidents related to radiation safety issues reported in Finland.MethodsThe data were collected from incident reports documented by radiology personnel concerning notifications of abnormal events in medical imaging made to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority between 2010 and 2017. During these eight years, 312 reports were submitted. Only events reported from radiology departments were included; nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and animal radiology cases were excluded. The final number of reports was 293 (94%).ResultsThe majority of the 293 approved reports were related to computed tomography (CT, 68.3%) and to X-ray examinations (27.6%). Altogether 82.9% of those irradiated were adults, most of whom were exposed to unnecessary radiation through CT (86.5%), 5.5% were children, and 4.4% pregnant women. The most common effective dose of unnecessary radiation was 1 mSv or less (89.7% of all examinations). The highest effective doses were reported in CT (from under 1 mSv–20 mSv and above). The reasons for the adverse events were incorrect identification (32%), incorrect procedure, site or side (30%); and human errors or errors of knowledge (20%).ConclusionAdverse events occurred especially in CT examinations. It is important to collect and analyse incident data, assess the harmful events, learn from them and aim to reduce adverse events.Implications for practiceThis study emphasizes the need for radiological personnel to obtain evidence-based information on adverse events and focus on training to improve patient safety.     

急诊内科昏迷患者的紧急抢救及临床护理干预分析研究

目的探讨急诊内科昏迷患者的紧急抢救及临床护理干预措施。方法选择我院2018年6月～2019年6月收治的218例患者随机分为观察组(n=109)和对照组(n=109)。两组均给予紧急抢救,对照组给予常规护理干预,观察组给予综合护理干预。观察比较两组抢救成功率、病死率、住院时间及护理满意度情况。结果观察组抢救成功96例,抢救成功率88.07%;对照组抢救成功101例,抢救成功率92.66%;两组分别有13例(11.93%)和8例(7.34%)患者抢救无效死亡。两组患者抢救成功率比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.317,P=0.251)。观察组住院时间(18.57±2.34)d,明显低于对照组的(22.15±2.89)d(t=-10.051,P=0.000);观察组护理非常满意48例(44.04%)、基本满意57例(52.29%)、不满意4例(3.67%),整体护理情况优于对照组(Z=-2.453,P=0.014);观察组护理满意度为96.33%,明显高于对照组的80.73%(χ~2=13.057,P=0.000)。结论对急诊内科昏迷患者,在紧急抢救的同时,应给予相关综合临床护理干预,医护密切配合,有效提高患者抢救成功率及护理满意度,改善患者预后。